| Data | A separate model per system, reconciled by hand | One model, entered once, used everywhere |
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| Audit trail | Fragmented across systems, reconstructed on demand | One immutable trail across every action |
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| Multi-market filing | Separate teams and document sets per market, six to twelve months added10 | One dataset, packaged per market |
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| A protocol change | Manual propagation to every downstream document | Propagates automatically, with impact assessed |
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| Inspection readiness | A project run before each inspection | A property of the system, continuously |
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| Cross-programme view | An extract, a spreadsheet and a fortnight | A live query against one model |
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| Cost of integration | Paid once per system pair, then again at every upgrade | Not incurred |
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